Parkinson’s disease can cause many different symptoms. This disorder is sometimes known to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Although it affects each person differently, low dopamine activity has been found to be an important cause behind the symptoms. Our brain cells (called neurons) release chemical messengers called neurotransmitters. One of them is dopamine. This chemical is involved in many important brain functions including movement, motivation, mood, attention, and others. Parkinson’s disease affects a specific area of the brain called the basal ganglia. When the cells around this area are healthy, they release dopamine. However, when they are damaged or die, dopamine activity is reduced. This leads to the onset of motor symptoms associated with Parkinson’s disease. The affected person may begin to experience slowed movements, tremors, and mood changes. It can also flare up feelings of anxiety and depression due to less dopamine activity.
Progression of Parkinson’s disease
Symptoms of Parkinson’s disease do not appear at the same time. As more cells degenerate and die, symptoms may become more obvious. The disease can cause both motor (related to movement) and non-motor symptoms. However, at the time of diagnosis, it is difficult to determine how the disease may progress for each person. In the early stages of the disease, the affected person may experience mild symptoms such as tremors, postural problems, changes in facial expressions, changes in smell, gastrointestinal problems, and others. As the disease progresses, muscle stiffness, problems with walking and reflexes become more apparent. In the advanced stages, mobility is significantly reduced and the patient becomes dependent on assistive devices such as walkers. Dependence on loved ones to help the person perform daily tasks increases to a noticeable degree. As the disease reaches its final stages, non-motor symptoms such as confusion, mood changes, memory loss, and others may develop. Some people affected by Parkinson’s disease may also develop dementia. Although Parkinson’s disease is not life-threatening, it can increase the risk of fatal falls and certain infections, such as lung infections.
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Management of Parkinson’s disease
Symptoms of Parkinson’s disease can be controlled using medications, surgery, and physical therapy rehabilitation. A combination of drugs that increase dopamine activity in the brain is the most common treatment plan for Parkinson’s disease. Physical therapy including strength training, gait training, and balance training can significantly improve the mobility and quality of life of people affected by this neurodegenerative disorder.
